/* ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2012 - 2020 by the deal.II authors
 *
 * This file is part of the deal.II library.
 *
 * The deal.II library is free software; you can use it, redistribute
 * it, and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General
 * Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 * The full text of the license can be found in the file LICENSE.md at
 * the top level directory of deal.II.
 *
 * ---------------------------------------------------------------------

 *
 * Author: Sven Wetterauer, University of Heidelberg, 2012
 */


// @sect3{Include files}

// The first few files have already been covered in previous examples and will
// thus not be further commented on.
#include <deal.II/base/quadrature_lib.h>
#include <deal.II/base/function.h>
#include <deal.II/base/logstream.h>
#include <deal.II/base/utilities.h>

#include <deal.II/lac/vector.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/full_matrix.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/sparse_matrix.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/dynamic_sparsity_pattern.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/solver_cg.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/precondition.h>
#include <deal.II/lac/affine_constraints.h>

#include <deal.II/grid/tria.h>
#include <deal.II/grid/grid_generator.h>
#include <deal.II/grid/tria_accessor.h>
#include <deal.II/grid/tria_iterator.h>
#include <deal.II/grid/manifold_lib.h>
#include <deal.II/grid/grid_refinement.h>

#include <deal.II/dofs/dof_handler.h>
#include <deal.II/dofs/dof_accessor.h>
#include <deal.II/dofs/dof_tools.h>

#include <deal.II/fe/fe_values.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_q.h>

#include <deal.II/numerics/vector_tools.h>
#include <deal.II/numerics/matrix_tools.h>
#include <deal.II/numerics/data_out.h>
#include <deal.II/numerics/error_estimator.h>


#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>

// We will use adaptive mesh refinement between Newton iterations. To do so,
// we need to be able to work with a solution on the new mesh, although it was
// computed on the old one. The SolutionTransfer class transfers the solution
// from the old to the new mesh:

#include <deal.II/numerics/solution_transfer.h>

// We then open a namespace for this program and import everything from the
// dealii namespace into it, as in previous programs:
namespace Step15
{
  using namespace dealii;


  // @sect3{The <code>MinimalSurfaceProblem</code> class template}

  // The class template is basically the same as in step-6.  Three additions
  // are made:
  // - There are two solution vectors, one for the Newton update
  //   $\delta u^n$, and one for the current iterate $u^n$.
  // - The <code>setup_system</code> function takes an argument that denotes
  //   whether this is the first time it is called or not. The difference is
  //   that the first time around we need to distribute the degrees of freedom
  //   and set the solution vector for $u^n$ to the correct size. The following
  //   times, the function is called after we have already done these steps as
  //   part of refining the mesh in <code>refine_mesh</code>.
  // - We then also need new functions: <code>set_boundary_values()</code>
  //   takes care of setting the boundary values on the solution vector
  //   correctly, as discussed at the end of the
  //   introduction. <code>compute_residual()</code> is a function that computes
  //   the norm of the nonlinear (discrete) residual. We use this function to
  //   monitor convergence of the Newton iteration. The function takes a step
  //   length $\alpha^n$ as argument to compute the residual of $u^n + \alpha^n
  //   \; \delta u^n$. This is something one typically needs for step length
  //   control, although we will not use this feature here. Finally,
  //   <code>determine_step_length()</code> computes the step length $\alpha^n$
  //   in each Newton iteration. As discussed in the introduction, we here use a
  //   fixed step length and leave implementing a better strategy as an
  //   exercise.

  template <int dim>
  class MinimalSurfaceProblem
  {
  public:
    MinimalSurfaceProblem();
    ~MinimalSurfaceProblem();

    void run();

  private:
    void   setup_system(const bool initial_step);
    void   assemble_system();
    void   solve();
    void   refine_mesh();
    void   set_boundary_values();
    double compute_residual(const double alpha) const;
    double determine_step_length() const;

    Triangulation<dim> triangulation;

    DoFHandler<dim> dof_handler;
    FE_Q<dim>       fe;

    AffineConstraints<double> hanging_node_constraints;

    SparsityPattern      sparsity_pattern;
    SparseMatrix<double> system_matrix;

    Vector<double> present_solution;
    Vector<double> newton_update;
    Vector<double> system_rhs;
  };

  // @sect3{Boundary condition}

  // The boundary condition is implemented just like in step-4.  It is chosen
  // as $g(x,y)=\sin(2 \pi (x+y))$:

  template <int dim>
  class BoundaryValues : public Function<dim>
  {
  public:
    virtual double value(const Point<dim> & p,
                         const unsigned int component = 0) const override;
  };


  template <int dim>
  double BoundaryValues<dim>::value(const Point<dim> &p,
                                    const unsigned int /*component*/) const
  {
    return std::sin(2 * numbers::PI * (p[0] + p[1]));
  }

  // @sect3{The <code>MinimalSurfaceProblem</code> class implementation}

  // @sect4{MinimalSurfaceProblem::MinimalSurfaceProblem}

  // The constructor and destructor of the class are the same as in the first
  // few tutorials.

  template <int dim>
  MinimalSurfaceProblem<dim>::MinimalSurfaceProblem()
    : dof_handler(triangulation)
    , fe(2)
  {}



  template <int dim>
  MinimalSurfaceProblem<dim>::~MinimalSurfaceProblem()
  {
    dof_handler.clear();
  }

  // @sect4{MinimalSurfaceProblem::setup_system}

  // As always in the setup-system function, we setup the variables of the
  // finite element method. There are same differences to step-6, because
  // there we start solving the PDE from scratch in every refinement cycle
  // whereas here we need to take the solution from the previous mesh onto the
  // current mesh. Consequently, we can't just reset solution vectors. The
  // argument passed to this function thus indicates whether we can
  // distributed degrees of freedom (plus compute constraints) and set the
  // solution vector to zero or whether this has happened elsewhere already
  // (specifically, in <code>refine_mesh()</code>).

  template <int dim>
  void MinimalSurfaceProblem<dim>::setup_system(const bool initial_step)
  {
    if (initial_step)
      {
        dof_handler.distribute_dofs(fe);
        present_solution.reinit(dof_handler.n_dofs());

        hanging_node_constraints.clear();
        DoFTools::make_hanging_node_constraints(dof_handler,
                                                hanging_node_constraints);
        hanging_node_constraints.close();
      }


    // The remaining parts of the function are the same as in step-6.

    newton_update.reinit(dof_handler.n_dofs());
    system_rhs.reinit(dof_handler.n_dofs());

    DynamicSparsityPattern dsp(dof_handler.n_dofs());
    DoFTools::make_sparsity_pattern(dof_handler, dsp);

    hanging_node_constraints.condense(dsp);

    sparsity_pattern.copy_from(dsp);
    system_matrix.reinit(sparsity_pattern);
  }

  // @sect4{MinimalSurfaceProblem::assemble_system}

  // This function does the same as in the previous tutorials except that now,
  // of course, the matrix and right hand side functions depend on the
  // previous iteration's solution. As discussed in the introduction, we need
  // to use zero boundary values for the Newton updates; we compute them at
  // the end of this function.
  //
  // The top of the function contains the usual boilerplate code, setting up
  // the objects that allow us to evaluate shape functions at quadrature
  // points and temporary storage locations for the local matrices and
  // vectors, as well as for the gradients of the previous solution at the
  // quadrature points. We then start the loop over all cells:
  template <int dim>
  void MinimalSurfaceProblem<dim>::assemble_system()
  {
    const QGauss<dim> quadrature_formula(fe.degree + 1);

    system_matrix = 0;
    system_rhs    = 0;

    FEValues<dim> fe_values(fe,
                            quadrature_formula,
                            update_gradients | update_quadrature_points |
                              update_JxW_values);

    const unsigned int dofs_per_cell = fe.n_dofs_per_cell();
    const unsigned int n_q_points    = quadrature_formula.size();

    FullMatrix<double> cell_matrix(dofs_per_cell, dofs_per_cell);
    Vector<double>     cell_rhs(dofs_per_cell);

    std::vector<Tensor<1, dim>> old_solution_gradients(n_q_points);

    std::vector<types::global_dof_index> local_dof_indices(dofs_per_cell);

    for (const auto &cell : dof_handler.active_cell_iterators())
      {
        cell_matrix = 0;
        cell_rhs    = 0;

        fe_values.reinit(cell);

        // For the assembly of the linear system, we have to obtain the values
        // of the previous solution's gradients at the quadrature
        // points. There is a standard way of doing this: the
        // FEValues::get_function_gradients function takes a vector that
        // represents a finite element field defined on a DoFHandler, and
        // evaluates the gradients of this field at the quadrature points of the
        // cell with which the FEValues object has last been reinitialized.
        // The values of the gradients at all quadrature points are then written
        // into the second argument:
        fe_values.get_function_gradients(present_solution,
                                         old_solution_gradients);

        // With this, we can then do the integration loop over all quadrature
        // points and shape functions.  Having just computed the gradients of
        // the old solution in the quadrature points, we are able to compute
        // the coefficients $a_{n}$ in these points.  The assembly of the
        // system itself then looks similar to what we always do with the
        // exception of the nonlinear terms, as does copying the results from
        // the local objects into the global ones:
        for (unsigned int q = 0; q < n_q_points; ++q)
          {
            const double coeff =
              1.0 / std::sqrt(1 + old_solution_gradients[q] *
                                    old_solution_gradients[q]);

            for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dofs_per_cell; ++i)
              {
                for (unsigned int j = 0; j < dofs_per_cell; ++j)
                  cell_matrix(i, j) +=
                    (((fe_values.shape_grad(i, q)      // ((\nabla \phi_i
                       * coeff                         //   * a_n
                       * fe_values.shape_grad(j, q))   //   * \nabla \phi_j)
                      -                                //  -
                      (fe_values.shape_grad(i, q)      //  (\nabla \phi_i
                       * coeff * coeff * coeff         //   * a_n^3
                       * (fe_values.shape_grad(j, q)   //   * (\nabla \phi_j
                          * old_solution_gradients[q]) //      * \nabla u_n)
                       * old_solution_gradients[q]))   //   * \nabla u_n)))
                     * fe_values.JxW(q));              // * dx

                cell_rhs(i) -= (fe_values.shape_grad(i, q)  // \nabla \phi_i
                                * coeff                     // * a_n
                                * old_solution_gradients[q] // * u_n
                                * fe_values.JxW(q));        // * dx
              }
          }

        cell->get_dof_indices(local_dof_indices);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dofs_per_cell; ++i)
          {
            for (unsigned int j = 0; j < dofs_per_cell; ++j)
              system_matrix.add(local_dof_indices[i],
                                local_dof_indices[j],
                                cell_matrix(i, j));

            system_rhs(local_dof_indices[i]) += cell_rhs(i);
          }
      }

    // Finally, we remove hanging nodes from the system and apply zero
    // boundary values to the linear system that defines the Newton updates
    // $\delta u^n$:
    hanging_node_constraints.condense(system_matrix);
    hanging_node_constraints.condense(system_rhs);

    std::map<types::global_dof_index, double> boundary_values;
    VectorTools::interpolate_boundary_values(dof_handler,
                                             0,
                                             Functions::ZeroFunction<dim>(),
                                             boundary_values);
    MatrixTools::apply_boundary_values(boundary_values,
                                       system_matrix,
                                       newton_update,
                                       system_rhs);
  }



  // @sect4{MinimalSurfaceProblem::solve}

  // The solve function is the same as always. At the end of the solution
  // process we update the current solution by setting
  // $u^{n+1}=u^n+\alpha^n\;\delta u^n$.
  template <int dim>
  void MinimalSurfaceProblem<dim>::solve()
  {
    SolverControl            solver_control(system_rhs.size(),
                                 system_rhs.l2_norm() * 1e-6);
    SolverCG<Vector<double>> solver(solver_control);

    PreconditionSSOR<SparseMatrix<double>> preconditioner;
    preconditioner.initialize(system_matrix, 1.2);

    solver.solve(system_matrix, newton_update, system_rhs, preconditioner);

    hanging_node_constraints.distribute(newton_update);

    const double alpha = determine_step_length();
    present_solution.add(alpha, newton_update);
  }


  // @sect4{MinimalSurfaceProblem::refine_mesh}

  // The first part of this function is the same as in step-6... However,
  // after refining the mesh we have to transfer the old solution to the new
  // one which we do with the help of the SolutionTransfer class. The process
  // is slightly convoluted, so let us describe it in detail:
  template <int dim>
  void MinimalSurfaceProblem<dim>::refine_mesh()
  {
    Vector<float> estimated_error_per_cell(triangulation.n_active_cells());

    KellyErrorEstimator<dim>::estimate(
      dof_handler,
      QGauss<dim - 1>(fe.degree + 1),
      std::map<types::boundary_id, const Function<dim> *>(),
      present_solution,
      estimated_error_per_cell);

    GridRefinement::refine_and_coarsen_fixed_number(triangulation,
                                                    estimated_error_per_cell,
                                                    0.3,
                                                    0.03);

    // Then we need an additional step: if, for example, you flag a cell that
    // is once more refined than its neighbor, and that neighbor is not
    // flagged for refinement, we would end up with a jump of two refinement
    // levels across a cell interface.  To avoid these situations, the library
    // will silently also have to refine the neighbor cell once. It does so by
    // calling the Triangulation::prepare_coarsening_and_refinement function
    // before actually doing the refinement and coarsening.  This function
    // flags a set of additional cells for refinement or coarsening, to
    // enforce rules like the one-hanging-node rule.  The cells that are
    // flagged for refinement and coarsening after calling this function are
    // exactly the ones that will actually be refined or coarsened. Usually,
    // you don't have to do this by hand
    // (Triangulation::execute_coarsening_and_refinement does this for
    // you). However, we need to initialize the SolutionTransfer class and it
    // needs to know the final set of cells that will be coarsened or refined
    // in order to store the data from the old mesh and transfer to the new
    // one. Thus, we call the function by hand:
    triangulation.prepare_coarsening_and_refinement();

    // With this out of the way, we initialize a SolutionTransfer object with
    // the present DoFHandler and attach the solution vector to it, followed
    // by doing the actual refinement and distribution of degrees of freedom
    // on the new mesh
    SolutionTransfer<dim> solution_transfer(dof_handler);
    solution_transfer.prepare_for_coarsening_and_refinement(present_solution);

    triangulation.execute_coarsening_and_refinement();

    dof_handler.distribute_dofs(fe);

    // Finally, we retrieve the old solution interpolated to the new
    // mesh. Since the SolutionTransfer function does not actually store the
    // values of the old solution, but rather indices, we need to preserve the
    // old solution vector until we have gotten the new interpolated
    // values. Thus, we have the new values written into a temporary vector,
    // and only afterwards write them into the solution vector object. Once we
    // have this solution we have to make sure that the $u^n$ we now have
    // actually has the correct boundary values. As explained at the end of
    // the introduction, this is not automatically the case even if the
    // solution before refinement had the correct boundary values, and so we
    // have to explicitly make sure that it now has:
    Vector<double> tmp(dof_handler.n_dofs());
    solution_transfer.interpolate(present_solution, tmp);
    present_solution = tmp;

    set_boundary_values();

    // On the new mesh, there are different hanging nodes, which we have to
    // compute again. To ensure there are no hanging nodes of the old mesh in
    // the object, it's first cleared.  To be on the safe side, we then also
    // make sure that the current solution's vector entries satisfy the
    // hanging node constraints (see the discussion in the documentation of
    // the SolutionTransfer class for why this is necessary):
    hanging_node_constraints.clear();

    DoFTools::make_hanging_node_constraints(dof_handler,
                                            hanging_node_constraints);
    hanging_node_constraints.close();

    hanging_node_constraints.distribute(present_solution);

    // We end the function by updating all the remaining data structures,
    // indicating to <code>setup_dofs()</code> that this is not the first
    // go-around and that it needs to preserve the content of the solution
    // vector:
    setup_system(false);
  }



  // @sect4{MinimalSurfaceProblem::set_boundary_values}

  // The next function ensures that the solution vector's entries respect the
  // boundary values for our problem.  Having refined the mesh (or just
  // started computations), there might be new nodal points on the
  // boundary. These have values that are simply interpolated from the
  // previous mesh (or are just zero), instead of the correct boundary
  // values. This is fixed up by setting all boundary nodes explicit to the
  // right value:
  template <int dim>
  void MinimalSurfaceProblem<dim>::set_boundary_values()
  {
    std::map<types::global_dof_index, double> boundary_values;
    VectorTools::interpolate_boundary_values(dof_handler,
                                             0,
                                             BoundaryValues<dim>(),
                                             boundary_values);
    for (auto &boundary_value : boundary_values)
      present_solution(boundary_value.first) = boundary_value.second;
  }


  // @sect4{MinimalSurfaceProblem::compute_residual}

  // In order to monitor convergence, we need a way to compute the norm of the
  // (discrete) residual, i.e., the norm of the vector
  // $\left<F(u^n),\varphi_i\right>$ with $F(u)=-\nabla \cdot \left(
  // \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+|\nabla u|^{2}}}\nabla u \right)$ as discussed in the
  // introduction. It turns out that (although we don't use this feature in
  // the current version of the program) one needs to compute the residual
  // $\left<F(u^n+\alpha^n\;\delta u^n),\varphi_i\right>$ when determining
  // optimal step lengths, and so this is what we implement here: the function
  // takes the step length $\alpha^n$ as an argument. The original
  // functionality is of course obtained by passing a zero as argument.
  //
  // In the function below, we first set up a vector for the residual, and
  // then a vector for the evaluation point $u^n+\alpha^n\;\delta u^n$. This
  // is followed by the same boilerplate code we use for all integration
  // operations:
  template <int dim>
  double MinimalSurfaceProblem<dim>::compute_residual(const double alpha) const
  {
    Vector<double> residual(dof_handler.n_dofs());

    Vector<double> evaluation_point(dof_handler.n_dofs());
    evaluation_point = present_solution;
    evaluation_point.add(alpha, newton_update);

    const QGauss<dim> quadrature_formula(fe.degree + 1);
    FEValues<dim>     fe_values(fe,
                            quadrature_formula,
                            update_gradients | update_quadrature_points |
                              update_JxW_values);

    const unsigned int dofs_per_cell = fe.n_dofs_per_cell();
    const unsigned int n_q_points    = quadrature_formula.size();

    Vector<double>              cell_residual(dofs_per_cell);
    std::vector<Tensor<1, dim>> gradients(n_q_points);

    std::vector<types::global_dof_index> local_dof_indices(dofs_per_cell);

    for (const auto &cell : dof_handler.active_cell_iterators())
      {
        cell_residual = 0;
        fe_values.reinit(cell);

        // The actual computation is much as in
        // <code>assemble_system()</code>. We first evaluate the gradients of
        // $u^n+\alpha^n\,\delta u^n$ at the quadrature points, then compute
        // the coefficient $a_n$, and then plug it all into the formula for
        // the residual:
        fe_values.get_function_gradients(evaluation_point, gradients);


        for (unsigned int q = 0; q < n_q_points; ++q)
          {
            const double coeff = 1 / std::sqrt(1 + gradients[q] * gradients[q]);

            for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dofs_per_cell; ++i)
              cell_residual(i) -= (fe_values.shape_grad(i, q) // \nabla \phi_i
                                   * coeff                    // * a_n
                                   * gradients[q]             // * u_n
                                   * fe_values.JxW(q));       // * dx
          }

        cell->get_dof_indices(local_dof_indices);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dofs_per_cell; ++i)
          residual(local_dof_indices[i]) += cell_residual(i);
      }

    // At the end of this function we also have to deal with the hanging node
    // constraints and with the issue of boundary values. With regard to the
    // latter, we have to set to zero the elements of the residual vector for
    // all entries that correspond to degrees of freedom that sit at the
    // boundary. The reason is that because the value of the solution there is
    // fixed, they are of course no "real" degrees of freedom and so, strictly
    // speaking, we shouldn't have assembled entries in the residual vector
    // for them. However, as we always do, we want to do exactly the same
    // thing on every cell and so we didn't not want to deal with the question
    // of whether a particular degree of freedom sits at the boundary in the
    // integration above. Rather, we will simply set to zero these entries
    // after the fact. To this end, we first need to determine which degrees
    // of freedom do in fact belong to the boundary and then loop over all of
    // those and set the residual entry to zero. This happens in the following
    // lines which we have already seen used in step-11:
    hanging_node_constraints.condense(residual);

    std::vector<bool> boundary_dofs(dof_handler.n_dofs());
    DoFTools::extract_boundary_dofs(dof_handler,
                                    ComponentMask(),
                                    boundary_dofs);
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dof_handler.n_dofs(); ++i)
      if (boundary_dofs[i] == true)
        residual(i) = 0;

    // At the end of the function, we return the norm of the residual:
    return residual.l2_norm();
  }



  // @sect4{MinimalSurfaceProblem::determine_step_length}

  // As discussed in the introduction, Newton's method frequently does not
  // converge if we always take full steps, i.e., compute $u^{n+1}=u^n+\delta
  // u^n$. Rather, one needs a damping parameter (step length) $\alpha^n$ and
  // set $u^{n+1}=u^n+\alpha^n\delta u^n$. This function is the one called
  // to compute $\alpha^n$.
  //
  // Here, we simply always return 0.1. This is of course a sub-optimal
  // choice: ideally, what one wants is that the step size goes to one as we
  // get closer to the solution, so that we get to enjoy the rapid quadratic
  // convergence of Newton's method. We will discuss better strategies below
  // in the results section.
  template <int dim>
  double MinimalSurfaceProblem<dim>::determine_step_length() const
  {
    return 0.1;
  }



  // @sect4{MinimalSurfaceProblem::run}

  // In the run function, we build the first grid and then have the top-level
  // logic for the Newton iteration. The function has two variables, one that
  // indicates whether this is the first time we solve for a Newton update and
  // one that indicates the refinement level of the mesh:
  template <int dim>
  void MinimalSurfaceProblem<dim>::run()
  {
    unsigned int refinement = 0;
    bool         first_step = true;

    // As described in the introduction, the domain is the unit disk around
    // the origin, created in the same way as shown in step-6. The mesh is
    // globally refined twice followed later on by several adaptive cycles:
    GridGenerator::hyper_ball(triangulation);
    triangulation.refine_global(2);

    // The Newton iteration starts next. During the first step we do not have
    // information about the residual prior to this step and so we continue
    // the Newton iteration until we have reached at least one iteration and
    // until residual is less than $10^{-3}$.
    //
    // At the beginning of the loop, we do a bit of setup work. In the first
    // go around, we compute the solution on the twice globally refined mesh
    // after setting up the basic data structures and ensuring that the first
    // Newton iterate already has the correct boundary values. In all
    // following mesh refinement loops, the mesh will be refined adaptively.
    double previous_res = 0;
    while (first_step || (previous_res > 1e-3))
      {
        if (first_step == true)
          {
            std::cout << "******** Initial mesh "
                      << " ********" << std::endl;

            setup_system(true);
            set_boundary_values();

            first_step = false;
          }
        else
          {
            ++refinement;
            std::cout << "******** Refined mesh " << refinement << " ********"
                      << std::endl;

            refine_mesh();
          }

        // On every mesh we do exactly five Newton steps. We print the initial
        // residual here and then start the iterations on this mesh.
        //
        // In every Newton step the system matrix and the right hand side have
        // to be computed first, after which we store the norm of the right
        // hand side as the residual to check against when deciding whether to
        // stop the iterations. We then solve the linear system (the function
        // also updates $u^{n+1}=u^n+\alpha^n\;\delta u^n$) and output the
        // residual at the end of this Newton step:
        std::cout << "  Initial residual: " << compute_residual(0) << std::endl;

        for (unsigned int inner_iteration = 0; inner_iteration < 5;
             ++inner_iteration)
          {
            assemble_system();
            previous_res = system_rhs.l2_norm();

            solve();

            std::cout << "  Residual: " << compute_residual(0) << std::endl;
          }

        // Every fifth iteration, i.e., just before we refine the mesh again,
        // we output the solution as well as the Newton update. This happens
        // as in all programs before:
        DataOut<dim> data_out;

        data_out.attach_dof_handler(dof_handler);
        data_out.add_data_vector(present_solution, "solution");
        data_out.add_data_vector(newton_update, "update");
        data_out.build_patches();
        const std::string filename =
          "solution-" + Utilities::int_to_string(refinement, 2) + ".vtk";
        std::ofstream         output(filename);
        DataOutBase::VtkFlags vtk_flags;
        vtk_flags.compression_level =
          DataOutBase::VtkFlags::ZlibCompressionLevel::best_speed;
        data_out.set_flags(vtk_flags);
        data_out.write_vtu(output);
      }
  }
} // namespace Step15

// @sect4{The main function}

// Finally the main function. This follows the scheme of all other main
// functions:
int main()
{
  try
    {
      using namespace Step15;

      MinimalSurfaceProblem<2> laplace_problem_2d;
      laplace_problem_2d.run();
    }
  catch (std::exception &exc)
    {
      std::cerr << std::endl
                << std::endl
                << "----------------------------------------------------"
                << std::endl;
      std::cerr << "Exception on processing: " << std::endl
                << exc.what() << std::endl
                << "Aborting!" << std::endl
                << "----------------------------------------------------"
                << std::endl;

      return 1;
    }
  catch (...)
    {
      std::cerr << std::endl
                << std::endl
                << "----------------------------------------------------"
                << std::endl;
      std::cerr << "Unknown exception!" << std::endl
                << "Aborting!" << std::endl
                << "----------------------------------------------------"
                << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  return 0;
}
